Was the Roman army mainly an engine of integration or an expensive burden on the provinces that hosted it? It is hard not to wonder whether the army p...

That is why a shiny coin alone doesn't settle the argument. A coin found near a fort proves circulation, not the exact fiscal arrangement that pu...

Military spending could stimulate markets near frontiers while placing heavy burdens on the places required to provision troops. Frontier markets coul...

Minted coins helped move purchasing power, but supplying food, transport and equipment also required local administration and compulsory obligations. ...